CCNA Discovery Course Program

CCNA1. Home and Small Business Networks

The purpose of this course is to introduce you to the basic concepts and technologies of networking. The program of the course is devoted to the practical study of tools for developing networks and using the Internet, as well as hardware specific to home and small business networks.

Upon completion of this course, you will learn to: ccna wireless

install a computer system, including an operating system, interface cards, and peripherals;

design and deploy a home or small business network and connect it to the Internet;

test and diagnose network and Internet connection problems;

organize shared access to resources (files and printers) for multiple computers;

recognize and prevent security threats to your home network;

configure and test common Internet applications;

configure basic IP services through a graphical user interface.

Hardware for a personal computer. Binary representation of data. Computer system components.

Operating Systems. Operating system maintenance.

Network connection. Getting to know the connection to the network. Data exchange in a local wired network. Creation of a distribution layer in the network. Planning the structure of the local network and connecting devices.

Internet connection through an Internet service provider. Sending information over the Internet. Laying of cables "twisted pair".

Network addressing. IP addresses and subnet masks.

Network services. Application protocols and services.

Wireless technologies. Wireless local area networks. Securing your wireless LAN.

Security basics. Using firewalls.

Eliminate network problems. Troubleshooting questions. Common problems.

CCNA2. Work for small and medium-sized enterprises and Internet providers

The course is aimed at developing the practical skills you need to manage the network infrastructures of computer networks as certified technical support consultants and entry-level networking specialists.

Upon completion of this course, you will learn to:

describe the structure of the Internet and the procedure for exchanging data between nodes in the global network;

install, configure and test Cisco routers designed to provide access to the Internet and servers;

design the basic cabling infrastructure to support network traffic;

configure the server to provide shared access to resources and common web services;

deploy a global network using the services of telecommunications companies;

take appropriate measures to prevent the consequences of accidents and back up information on the server;

monitor network performance and detect malfunctions;

troubleshoot using an organized, multi-tiered procedure;

describe the OSI model and data encapsulation process.

Internet and the possibilities of its use. What is the Internet? Internet service providers. Communication with an Internet provider.

Support service. Support technicians. OSI model. Troubleshooting at the ISP level.

Planning for network upgrades. Common problems. Planning for network upgrades. Purchase and maintenance of equipment.

Planning the addressing structure. LAN IP addressing. NAT and PAT.

Configuring network devices. Initial configuration of the ISR router. Configuring ISR in SDM. Configuring the router using the IOS CLI. Initial configuration of Cisco 2960 switch. CPE connection to ISP.

Routing. Application of routing protocols. External routing protocols.

Services of Internet providers. An introduction to the services of Internet providers. Protocols used to provide services by providers. Domain Name Service. Services and protocols.

Obligations of providers. Security issues relevant to ISPs. Security tools. Control and management by the Internet provider. Backup and disaster recovery.

Eliminate network problems. Troubleshooting questions. Common problems.

CCNA3. Introduction to Routing and Switching in the Enterprise

The goal of this course is to help you develop the skills to use protocols to increase the performance of your LAN and WAN. The course introduces advanced configurations of switching and routing protocols, configurations of access control lists, and the basics of implementing WAN links. In addition, the course provides detailed troubleshooting guides for LAN, WAN, and VLAN environments. The course aims to develop the practical skills required to work as network technicians, helpdesk technicians, and computer technicians.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

implement a LAN in accordance with the approved network design;

configure a switch with VLAN and the connection between switches;

configure routing protocols on Cisco devices;

implement access lists to allow or deny specified traffic;

introduce DHW channels;

troubleshoot LAN, WAN, VLAN problems using a structured methodology and OSI model.

Corporate networks. Description of the corporate network. Identification of corporate applications. Support for remote workers.

Exploring the corporate network. Description of the existing network. Support for the corporation border. Repetition of passed on switching and routing.

Switching in the corporate network. Description of enterprise-grade switching. Prevention of switching loops. VLAN configuration. Trunking and routing between VLANs. VLAN service in the corporate network.

Addressing in the corporate network. Using a hierarchical IP network addressing scheme. Using VLSM. Using classless routing and CIDR. Using NAT and PAT.

Routing using a distance vector protocol. Corporate network management. Routing using the RIP protocol. EIGRP routing. Implementation of the EIGRP protocol.

Link State Routing. Routing using the OSPF protocol. Single area OSPF implementation. Using multiple routing protocols.

Creation of corporate WAN channels. Connecting the corporate WAN. Comparison of common WAN encapsulations. Using Frame Relay.

Filtering traffic using access control lists. Using Access Control Lists. Using a group mask. Setting up access control lists. Allowing and blocking certain types of traffic. Filtering traffic using access control lists.

Troubleshooting the corporate network. Consequences of a network failure. Eliminate switching and communication problems. Eliminate routing problems. Troubleshoot WAN configuration problems. Troubleshoot ACL problems.

What are the types of fiber optic cables?

Optical modes are simply the path that a ray of light travels along a fiber. One mod goes right in the middle. The other can bounce off the fiber at narrow angles. Other modes bounce off the fiber at different angles.

The simplest fiber type is singlemode. A very thin core (5-10 microns) sends signals directly down the center without bouncing off the shell. Internet, cable TV and telephone signals are most often transmitted over single-mode fibers, which are bundled into a huge package. These cables can carry information over 60 miles.

Each fiber in a multimode cable is almost 10 times larger than in a singlemode cable. This allows light rays to travel through the core in different paths - in multiple modes. The disadvantage of multimode fiber optic cables is that they can only transmit information over short distances. They are mainly used to link computer networks fiber installation.

How are fiber optic cables made?

Fiberglass is surprisingly strong considering that glass is a fragile material. Most optical fibers are made by pulling a glass rod, heated to the melting point, a few centimeters in diameter and about 1 m long, into a thin fiber 125 micrometers in diameter and several kilometers long.

Each of these fibers is wound together with similar fibers to produce a thicker thread. However, additional protection is often needed when fibers are used in an environment where access is open. For laboratory use, where researchers send “light from a telecommunications facility to a diagnostic device,” and in large industrial assemblies, it is convenient to use fiber patch cords, where the actual fiber is surrounded by additional protective layers. While bare glass fiber can have a typical diameter of 125 micrometers, and the polymer buffer and jacket increase it to a few hundred micrometers, the total fiber cable diameter can be several millimeters."

This not only strengthens the cable, but also makes it easier for operators to recognize the fiber for ease of maintenance and repair. And a fiber optic cable can contain multiple fibers. This allows the already enormous data transmission capabilities of a single fiber to be multiplied. There are many optical components that can be made directly from fibers. Some examples include

Fiber connectors that conduct light between two fibers

Optical filters for use in introducing chromatic dispersion into the system

Fiber polarizers made with polarizing fibers to direct light in a specific direction of polarization

Fiber amplifiers that amplify light at specific wavelengths

These are just a few examples of how fiber optics are made and what we can make from them for use in many areas.

Partnering with Cisco helps us promote IaaS and change our approach to IT in the Czech Republic

It is not easy to be a pioneer, especially in the field of information technology. Users look at your product and think, "They never get caught." Remember the days when the only Internet users were government agencies, research institutes, and universities? Ordinary consumers were happy with services like CompuServe or AOL, and the web was too complicated for them. Fortunately, companies like Google have joined in and changed the perception of the Internet.

The iPhone initially seemed like an absurd idea. After all, who would exchange their BlackBerry for a device without a keyboard? But look today. Everything is tactile and consumers are used to typing on the screen.

Seize the opportunity where others see the risks ccie data center jobs

When something really big arises, it is usually preceded by the boundless commitment and great intuition of the provider, as well as the equal trust and conviction of the users. Where others see only risks, the greatest opportunities are most often hidden and need to be seized. My partner Tomáš Knoll and I found ourselves in such a situation in 2011. At that time, we both worked at Cisco in Prague and it began promoting cloud services - both in the form of local and private data centers and externally in the form of service infrastructure (IaaS).

Where others see only risks, the greatest opportunities are most often hidden and need to be seized.

Although Cisco and VMware brought these technologies to the Czech market, there were no service providers offering basic or advanced cloud services to medium and large enterprises. So we set up Cloud4com to fill a gap in the market. 

At that time, Czech companies were very reluctant to introduce cloud technologies. Hosting data or applications on third-party infrastructure contradicted the prevailing views on enterprise IT at the time. 

Most of the people who held senior IT management positions in 2011 started work around 1989, and their decision-making was therefore still burdened by the experience of the communist regime. For someone else to have access to their data was the last thing they cared about. It was like going back to the era of ubiquitous spying, regardless of the number of guarantees we offered.

We educate customers and build trust to create a new market

To reverse this way of thinking, we spent the first few years at Cloud4com educating potential customers and explaining the reliability and security of cloud applications and infrastructure. It was a cruise upstream. Sometimes it was difficult to explain our arguments, but we knew it made sense. The emerging IaaS market was too tempting an opportunity to miss. Being first in Prague and the Czech Republic meant being able to set the direction and manage the expectations of the first customers. 

Do not change the market, but its thinking.

Because credibility came first for potential customers, we had to prove to them that they could trust us. We have achieved this in two ways. Ownership of the leased infrastructure and partnership with a reputable technology supplier, which enjoyed a reputation for reliability and safety, proved to be essential.

Cisco was a clear choice. As former employees, we knew its technology perfectly, but more importantly - the Czech market recognized it as the most important supplier of IT infrastructure. Cisco's reputation was a guarantee we needed to promote Cloud4com services as an important enterprise IT innovation.

IT Analyst Tasks and Responsibilities

The IT analyst is the one who, on the one hand, assesses the IT and technical needs of users and who, on the other hand, oversees the implementation and evaluation of IT systems. Depending on the IT needs, whether it is about the performance of the system or the correction of a failure, the IT analyst is called upon to seek solutions and ensure the quality of his applications. He can take on different roles: functional analyst, technical analyst and systems analyst.

Tasks and responsibilities: systems analyst salary

Analyze the IT and technical needs of the company.

Participate in the development, implementation and implementation of IT strategies.

Advise the people responsible for IT in the company.

Ensure the quality of IT products and services according to the standards, norms and procedures in force.

Propose and apply solutions to IT failures.

Analyze the costs of computer systems, the use of these systems and the solutions proposed for optimization.

Skills

Know computer systems and their environment.

Know the standards, norms and procedures of IT products and services, adapt their applications to users.

Understand the tools and techniques of systems development and application planning.

Personal skills

Ability in interpersonal relationships

Good work organization

Great open-mindedness

Leadership

Excellent oral and written communication skills in French and English

Diplomacy and customer approach

Spring Cloud for Amazon Web Services

Spring Web Services (Spring-WS) is a product of the Spring community focused on creating document-driven Web services. Spring Web Services aims to facilitate contract-first SOAP service development, allowing for the creation of flexible web services using one of the many ways to manipulate XML payloads. The product is based on Spring itself, which means you can use the Spring concepts such as dependency injection as an integral part of your Web service.

People use Spring-WS for many reasons, but most are drawn to it after finding alternative SOAP stacks lacking when it comes to following Web service best practices. Spring-WS makes the best practice an easy practice. This includes practices such as the WS-I basic profile, Contract-First development, and having a loose coupling between contract and implementation. The other key features of Spring Web services are: aws architecture

Features

Makes the Best Practice an Easy Practice: Spring Web Services makes enforcing best practices easier. This includes practices such as the WS-I basic profile, Contract-First development, and having a loose coupling between contract and implementation.

Powerful mappings: You can distribute incoming XML request to any object, depending on message payload, SOAP Action header, or an XPath expression.

XML API support: Incoming XML messages can be handled in standard JAXP APIs such as DOM, SAX, and StAX, but also JDOM, dom4j, XOM, or even marshalling technologies.

Flexible XML Marshalling: The Object/XML Mapping module in the Spring Web Services distribution supports JAXB 1 and 2, Castor, XMLBeans, JiBX, and XStream. And because it is a separate module, you can use it in non-Web services code as well.

Reuses your Spring expertise: Spring-WS uses Spring application contexts for all configuration, which should help Spring developers get up-to-speed nice and quickly. Also, the architecture of Spring-WS resembles that of Spring-MVC.

Supports WS-Security: WS-Security allows you to sign SOAP messages, encrypt and decrypt them, or authenticate against them.

Integrates with Acegi Security: The WS-Security implementation of Spring Web Services provides integration with Spring Security. This means you can use your existing configuration for your SOAP service as well.

Built by Maven: This assists you in effectively reusing the Spring Web Services artifacts in your own Maven-based projects.

Apache license. You can confidently use Spring-WS in your project.

How does network analytics collect data?

Network analytics collects data from a variety of sources, including from servers such as DHCP, Active Directory, RADIUS, DNS, and syslog, and from network traffic such as NetFlow, traceroute, and SNMP. It does so by using techniques such as telemetry and deep packet inspection (DPI) to build a rich database from which contextual information can be derived cisco data center.

Deep packet inspection (DPI)

DPI of select traffic flows is a rich data source for network analytics. An analysis of such traffic using techniques such as Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR) and Software-Defined Application Visibility and Control (SD-AVC) can discern the communication protocols being used.

Analytics engines can use this information in a variety of ways, such as setting of quality-of-service (QoS) parameters automatically or profiling endpoints.

Streaming telemetry

Streaming telemetry reduces delays in data collection. Telemetry provides information on anything from simple packet-flow numbers to complex, application-specific performance parameters. Systems that can stream more telemetry, from more sources and about more network variables, give the analytics engine better context in which to make decisions.

Context

Another important factor an analytics engine considers is context. The context is the specific circumstances in which a network anomaly occurs. The same anomaly in different conditions can require very different remediation, so the analytics engine must be programmed with the many variables for contexts, such as network type, service, and application.

Other contexts can include wireless interference, network congestion, service duplication, and device limitations.

How does network analytics scrutinize collected data?

Network analytics derives intelligence and insights from data it aggregates from the network, hosts, and devices. Data from many sources allows network analytics to correlate and view issues from many different angles and contexts and to form a complete, accurate picture of the state of the network itself and endpoints in the network.

Analytics engine

The analytics engine, the software program that analyzes data and makes decisions, collects data from around the network and performs the desired analysis. This analysis may compare the current state with a model of optimal performance. Whenever the program identifies a deviation from optimal, it may suggest remediations or present its findings to a higher-level program or to the IT staff.

The analytics engine may also scrutinize endpoint traffic to help identify the endpoint itself or traffic behavior that may signal malware infection.

Cloud versus local analytics

Networking engineers often debate whether network analytics should be performed remotely, in the cloud, or locally, at the customer premises.

Placing the analytics engine in the cloud offers access to much more processing power, scale, and communication with other networks. Cloud-hosted analytics also benefits from up-to-the-minute algorithms and crowdsourced data. Placing the analytics engine on-premises offers better insights and remediation performance, and it reduces the amount of data required to backhaul to the cloud. Both of those advantages are particularly important in larger enterprise networks.

Should you use cloud or local analytics? The answer is, both. Machine learning (ML) and machine reasoning (MR) modules can be placed in the cloud to benefit from larger computing resources. But having the analytics engine on site can offer large gains in performance and save big on WAN costs.

Correlation

The analytics engine considers the relationship among variables in the network before offering insights or remediation. The correlation among devices, applications, and services can mean that correcting one problem can lead to problems elsewhere. While correlation greatly increases the number of variables in the decision tree and adds complexity to the system, it's essential so that all variables can be evaluated for accurate decisions.

Decision trees

Most analytics engines offer guidance on performance improvement through decision trees. When an analytics engine receives network data indicating subpar performance, the decision tree calculates the best network-device adjustment or reconfiguration to improve performance of that parameter.

The decision tree grows based on the number of sources for streaming telemetry and the number of options for optimizing performance in each point. Because of the complexity of processing these very large data sets in real time, analytics was previously performed only on supercomputers.

Insight

The analytics engine spots network anomalies, faults, and performance degradations by comparing the incoming streaming telemetry with a model of optimal network performance for each data source. That process produces insights into ways network performance and user experience can be improved.

CCNA Security track announcement

The long-awaited basic course on network security has appeared on our schedule , which is extremely important for everyone who works with network equipment.

You will learn to: ccnp switch

Work with common network security concepts

Protect switched and routed networks

Use basic authentication, authorization, and accounting

Deploy simple traffic filtering scenarios

Deploy various VPNs

Understand the purpose and operation of Cisco's advanced security platforms, including intrusion detection, content filtering, and advanced account management

It will be useful not only for network engineers, but also for security specialists to understand important aspects of what threats are in modern networks and what countermeasures are offered by the equipment on the market.

It goes without saying that this course fully covers the topics of the 210-260 (Implementing Cisco Network Security) certification exam, upon successful completion of which the CCNA Security certification is awarded.

Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs)

Virtual Local Area Networks, or VLANs, are a very simple concept that has been very poorly defined by the industry.

This article will explain VLANs from a practical perspective. It will be framed around the two major functions of VLANs, and concluded with an explanation of the idea behind the Native VLAN.

Finally, at the end of the article is a two question comprehension challenge – if you can successfully answer these two questions, then you can consider yourself to fully understand the concept of VLANs — the topic of configuring VLANs will be covered in another article cisco voice certifications.

Two Major Functions of VLANs

Below is a network with three different physical switches. The switches facilitate communication within networks, and the Routers facilitate communication between networks.

Each switch above independently performs the four functions of switch.

If each of these switches have 24 ports and only two are in use, then 22 ports are left wasted on each switch. Moreover, what if you need to replicate this network elsewhere and you do not have three physical switches to accommodate?

That is where the first major function of a VLAN comes into play: A VLAN allows you to take one physical switch, and break it up into smaller mini-switches.

Breaking up one Physical Switch into multiple Virtual Switches

Consider each circle on the switch below as its own mini-switch. Each of these mini-switches, or virtual switches, operate completely independent from the others — exactly as they would had there been three different physical switches.

vlans-1sw-3vlan

Traffic flow through this topology operates exactly as it did in the topology above it (with three separate physical switches).

Each virtual switch, or VLAN, is simply a number assigned to each switch port. For example, the two switch ports in the red mini-switch might be assigned to VLAN #10. The two ports in the orange mini-switch might be assigned to VLAN #20. And lastly the two switch ports in the blue mini-switch might be assigned to VLAN #30.

If a port is not explicitly assigned a VLAN number, it resides in the default VLAN, which has a VLAN number of 1.

Traffic arriving on a switch port assigned to VLAN #10 will only ever be forwarded out another switch port that belongs to VLAN #10 – a switch will never allow traffic to cross a VLAN boundary. Again, each VLAN operates as if it were a completely separate physical switch.

In the first illustration, traffic from the red switch cannot magically appear on the orange switch without first passing through a router. Similarly, in the second illustration, traffic in VLAN #10 cannot magically appear on VLAN #20 without also passing through a router.

Each of the VLANs also maintain their own, independent, MAC address table. If Host A sends a frame with a destination MAC address of Host B, that frame would still be flooded solely within the switch ports in VLAN #10.

Ultimately, assigning different ports to different VLANs allows you to re-use a single physical switch for multiple purposes. This is the first major function of a VLAN.

But that isn’t all VLANs allow you to do. The second major function is VLANs allow you to extend the smaller Virtual switches across multiple Physical switches.

What is a service company?

When setting up a business, the entrepreneur must define the activities he will carry out on behalf of his company. Among all the choices available to him, he can opt for the creation of a service company.

Definition

It is important to know that a service company operates in the tertiary sector. In this sense, it carries out activities to provide added value to any product. It can also work as a service provider for an individual or another company, for remuneration.

Characteristics

The service company differs from other companies operating in the industrial, commercial or agricultural sector (such as agricultural LLCs ) by the fact that it mainly offers intellectual and / or technical services. Indeed, the latter offers what are called market services. According to INSEE or the National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, it is possible to classify the market services that can be offered by this type of store. Among other services offered are: freelance engineering jobs

information and communication;

real estate activities

financial activities;

insurance activities;

trade and transport activities;

catering and accommodation activities;

scientific and technical activities;

administrative and support services (for example a service company specializing in the management of the accounts of an individual or another company);

etc.

What is data engineering and is it right for you?

What do data engineers do?

Data engineering is a very broad discipline that everyone calls it differently. Very often, the data engineer is not named at all. This is probably why it is better to first define the goals of data engineering and then discuss which work is producing the desired results. The ultimate goal of data engineering is to provide an organized, consistent data flow for the work involved in using it, for example:

Exploratory data analysis;

Generation of external data for automation applications.

There are many ways to do this, specific sets of tools and techniques, and the skills required vary widely depending on the team, organization, and desired outcomes. However, the data pipeline has become the most common data processing pattern. It is a system composed of independent programs that perform various operations on input or collected data.

Data pipelines are often distributed across multiple servers: what does an engineer do

Data pipeline

This diagram shows a simplified example of a data pipeline that provides the most basic architecture you may encounter. Below you will see a more complex view.

Data can come from any source:

Devices Internet of Things

Vehicle telemetry.

Real estate data feeds.

Normal user activity in the web application.

Any other collection or measurement tools you know ...

Depending on the nature of these sources, the input data will be processed in streams and in real time, or with some regularity in packets .

The data engineer is in charge of the pipeline through which the data flows. Data engineering teams are responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, expansion, and often the infrastructure that supports the data pipeline. They can also be responsible for the input data, or more often the data model and how that data is ultimately stored.

If you think of the data pipeline as an application, then data engineering begins to resemble any other discipline of software engineering.

Many teams today are moving towards building data platforms . For many organizations, it is not enough to have just one pipeline storing incoming data somewhere in a SQL database. Large organizations have multiple teams that need different levels of access to different types of data.

For example, artificial intelligence (AI) teams may need ways to tag and split cleaned data. Groups of business intelligence (BI) may require easy access for aggregating data and building data visualization. Data analysis teams may need a database — the access layer to properly explore the data.

If you are familiar with web development, you may find this structure similar to the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern or Model-View-Controller. In MVC, data engineers are responsible for the model, AI or BI teams work on views, and all teams interact with the controller. Building data platforms that cater to all of these needs is becoming a top priority in multi-team organizations that rely on data access and use for their businesses.

Now that you've learned a thing or two about what data engineers do and how important they are, it might be helpful to learn a little more about their customers and the responsibilities data engineers have to them.

What are software engineers doing?

Software engineers are in high demand. Therefore, they often receive many requests per month from recruiters and bounty hunters. A software engineer uses mathematical analysis and principles of computer science to design and develop software.

A software developer can develop many types of software such as operating systems, computer games, middleware, business applications, and network management systems.

Typically, software engineers perform the following functions; computer scientist salary

Analyze user needs and then design, test, and develop software to meet those needs.

Recommend software updates for existing programs and client systems.

Design each part of the application or system, and plan how the parts will function together.

Create various models and diagrams (such as flowcharts) that show programmers the code required for an application.

Software engineers ensure that the program continues to function regularly through software maintenance and testing.

Document every aspect of your application or system as a guide for future maintenance and upgrades.

Collaborate with other computer specialists to create great software.

In addition, software developers also need to have interpersonal skills and be able to communicate effectively with users in order to train, test and debug the software right down to the final product.

How much does a programmer earn?

Software engineers tend to be paid well above the average salary. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for a software developer in the United States is $ 110,000 . This number is higher in cities with a higher cost of living. Salaries typically start at  $ 55,236  and go up to  $ 155,991

Where can a software engineer work?

Technology is advancing at a rapid pace, and along with this, opportunities in software development are growing. For software engineers with valuable interpersonal skills, managerial roles are widely available. Interpersonal skills (or soft skills) include communication, conflict management, empathy, leadership, listening, negotiation, positive attitude, and the ability to work in a team.

Skilled communicators and tech-savvy people have many options. Over time, they can apply for a variety of positions — senior engineer, team leader, architect, manager — and may eventually move on to top management.

Technical support agent

The main mandate of the technical support agent is to troubleshoot and resolve problems related to mechanical failures, failures and / or failures of computer hardware, software failures, network and user problems.

Main tasks highest paid freelance jobs

• Respond to initial inquiries received by phone or email and manage relatively simple hardware, software or network problems and diagnose failures;

• Recognize the most difficult problems and pass them on to the support team at the higher level;

• Solve more complex problems that require in-depth knowledge of systems and applications;

• Decide whether to produce an incident file or a work order regarding problems that require checking a user's workstation;

• Research the most complex problems and resolve them when staff at other levels cannot;

• Identify and analyze trends in problem reporting and develop preventative solutions;

• Establish a mentoring relationship with help desk staff regarding analysis and resolution of hardware and software issues.

Training

According to My Techno Career, you can opt for a college diploma or an attestation of college studies in computer science or a related discipline, or a professional studies diploma in computer support.

Skills

All help desk staff should have excellent problem solving, communicating and interacting skills. Customer satisfaction, patience and the ability to work in a team are among the qualities sought.

They should have in-depth technical knowledge of IT, including the company's various equipment, software and network systems. Employers' requirements depend on the level of the position held within the helpdesk.

Salary

At Statistics Canada, the minimum hourly wage is set at $ 15.65 and can reach a maximum of $ 39.25. The average is $ 26.25 an hour.

Historical aspects of the development of WLAN

Consumer demand for WLAN applications has been predicted in all industrialized countries with widespread use of personal computers (PCs) since the early 1970s.

The objective need to ensure the compatibility of WLAN equipment from different manufacturers has led to the need to develop appropriate standards, which were simultaneously produced by the standardization bodies of three regions: wlan meaning

1) in the USA - by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE);

2) in Europe - by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI);

3) in Japan - by the Association of Radio Industries and Business (ARIB).

The most famous are the standards developed under the auspices of the IEEE and ETSI.

In the IEEE, the WLAN standards were created by the 802.11 Work Group WG of the 802 LAN / MAN Standards Committee. Within the IEEE 802 committee, the WG 802.11 working group develops WLAN standards, and the related standards are known as IEEE 802.11 standards. The original (basic) IEEE 802.11 standard was adopted in 1987. In the future, he was continuously undergoing improvements, which correspond to versions with different letter designations - from a to x.

The WLAN standards developed by ETSI are known as HIPERLAN (High Performance Radio LAN). The development of these standards was carried out almost simultaneously with the IEEE 802.11 standard (with a year ahead). Initially, it was supposed to develop 4 versions of these standards, but in reality it was limited to two versions: HIPERLAN 1 and HIPERLAN2. According to the plan, it was assumed that WLAN of the HIPERLAN standards, with the use of the frequency resource equivalent to the IEEE 802.11 standard, should have higher data transfer rates. Standards development was supported by well-known hardware manufacturers, in particular Ericsson.

However, the process of practical implementation of WLAN (taking into account the current state of the market) has led to the need for both developers and standardization bodies to choose only one of the directions for the development of wireless network technologies. This direction turned out to be the networks of the IEEE 802.11 family of standards.

WLAN equipment manufacturers associations actively participated in the development of standards. The IEEE 802.11 standard complies with the formation of the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA), known for its popular Wi-Fi Alliance brand. The role of this Association was manifested in the development of a certification system for IEEE 802.11 products, due to which they are known as Wi-Fi products. Similar associations of manufacturers of HIPERLAN products: the HIPERLAN Alliance and the HIPERLAN2 Global Forum are currently less active. However, it is likely that it would be impractical to completely negate some of the inherent advantages of HIPERLAN and the possibility of their future use is not excluded.

Factors Determining WLAN Architecture 

One of the most significant distinguishing features of local digital networks in comparison with global ones is the presence of autonomous telecommunication lines between their nodes. The difference between the architecture of wireless and wired LAN is due to the properties of the propagation medium of the signals used:

- conductive guiding medium in wired LAN;

- natural environment in wireless LAN (Wireless LAN -WLAN).

A related use of both environments is that they are Multiple Access (MA) access environments . Signals from different subscribers in the conditions of their independent operation can be transmitted simultaneously, which leads to a superposition of signals in the environment. This superposition results in the difference between the total signal and each of the transmitted ones and significantly complicates the possibility of their correct reception. Signal collisions can occur in a shared environment, regardless of its physical properties . Elimination of collisions presupposes the coordinated use of the environment, a mandatory component of which is monitoring its employment. Occupancy-based media access called carrier sense multiple access (Carrier Sense Multiple Access - CSMA). LANs of different flavors (wired and wireless) use several derivatives of this access method.

The access of nodes to the environment of both types is carried out using network adapters (Network Interface Card - NIC, Wireless NIC - WNIC), which perform the functions of the two lower layers of the basic reference model for the interaction of open systems ISO / OSI, namely:

- physical layer (Physical Layer - PHY);

- sublayer of media access control (MAC) of the data link layer (DLL).

Network adapters (wired and wireless) provide monitoring of the environment, coordinated access of various nodes to it, generation, transmission and reception of signals.

In a wired environment, which is a two-wire long line, such as a cable, the transmission of signals between nodes is accompanied by relatively low attenuation during their propagation. A collision of signals from two (or more) nodes leads to a significant change in the characteristics of the total signal (first of all, the energy level), as compared to single signals. Accordingly, each node using the NIC can detect the fact of a collision of signals during their transmission and take actions to ensure the order of access to the environment of different nodes. Ordered Multiple Access for Collision Reduction in Wired Environments has come to be known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA / Collision Detection - CSMA / CD). Collision detection is an inherent property of wired environments.

In a wireless environment, which is the natural and artificial filling of the space surrounding the nodes, signals propagate, attenuating significantly with distance from the source. The total signal of several sources does not have energy features corresponding to the fact of collision. The latter can be detected by checking for errors in the received and processed WNIC digital signal after the completion of its transmission. Accordingly, the reaction to the fact of a collision can be carried out with a delay, and the prevention of collisions becomes an essential necessity. An associated wireless multiple access method was developed in preparation for the IEEE 802.11 standard. It is named Carrier Sense Multiple Access and Collision Avoidance. (CSMA / Collision Avoidance - CSMA / CA).

Local digital networks of large organizations are, as a rule, a combination of wired and wireless segments. Accordingly, the LAN architecture should provide for a distribution system that performs the following functions:

- ensuring interconnection between different LAN segments (including wired and wireless segments);

- ensuring access of all LAN segments to the backbone Internet environment.

Access to the backbone network is provided through Web servers (service servers) with appropriate interface properties. The network and transport layer (Network Layer, Transport Layer) issues of open systems interoperability go beyond the IEEE 802.11 standard, which is limited to the MAC and PHY issues of the WLAN implementation. Accordingly, consideration of the WLAN architecture is limited in the standard to issues of building wireless segments and LAN distribution systems.

How to answer questions directly on Google

While searching on Google, have you already noticed the entries that answer questions directly on Google? Google summarizes the most frequently asked questions about a topic under “Users also ask” and offers users answers to their most burning questions even faster.

In the following blog post we will introduce you to this function and show you how you can use it for your restaurant.

Why is Google doing this?

Google wants to keep its users on its own platform, i.e. the search engine, if possible. It does this, for example, with the information in the Google My Business profile or with the “Users also ask” function. So Google is moving away from a search engine to an answer engine.

Users also ask define employ

On the one hand, Google can offer users an even faster route to the answers they are looking for, but above all, the company can collect even more data on user behavior and thus improve its service again.

When do these boxes appear?

When a user enters a specific question, Google searches the net for these questions and answers on a website. If it finds the questions and answers of sufficient quality, Google will show the box.

Why should I use this?

As practical as these functions are for users, for you, the website operator, they mean that your results are less well placed and therefore less visible to potential guests.

However, especially with more complex topics, the display in the boxes is not sufficient and the user clicks on the website link. But stop at the one that has already been reported to him.

How do I get my website in these boxes?

As is so often the case with Google, this question cannot be answered with a simple tip. Because of its very strong market position, Google can afford to let all website operators play by their own rules. Without clear instructions, mind you.

But there are ways to increase your own chances. Basically, you should find out what questions bring people to your website. You then have to incorporate these questions into your restaurant website and answer them as precisely as possible.

For example, are you an event location specializing in weddings? Then put a checklist for wedding planning online. You set the corresponding question as the H2 title. The important thing is: less is more! The answer must fit on the screen of a cell phone.

When developing a technical specification, the developer takes into account information about similar products contained in databases (all-Russian and regional) created in the State Standard of Russia on the basis of product catalog sheets.

The terms of reference are usually developed by the product development organization. To formulate the problem as fully and competently as possible, to justify the need for its solution is the main goal of the TK. The contractor performs it in contact with the customer. The duty of the customer is to provide the developer with the initial data for product development.

TK is developed and approved in the manner established by the customer and developer. Other interested organizations (enterprises) may be involved in the development of the technical specification: manufacturer, trade (intermediary) organization, insurance organization, design organization, installation organization, etc.

To confirm individual requirements for products, including safety, health and environmental requirements, as well as assess the technical level of products, the TK may be sent by the developer or customer for examination (conclusion) to third-party organizations. The decision on the conclusions received is made by the developer and the customer before the approval of the TK.

The terms of reference are accompanied by diagrams and sketches for the design of the future product, and for technological developments - technological and technical and economic indicators of the existing production. The terms of reference should contain as much information as possible to facilitate the work on the product and reduce the development time.

Despite all its importance, the content of TK is little regulated by regulatory documents. Requirements for the content and order of building a document depend on the direction of development and are contained in the following documents: what is sow

GOST R 15.201-2000. System for the development and launching of products (SRPP). Products for industrial and technical purposes. The procedure for the development and launching of products for production (general requirements and brief recommendations for development are given).

GOST 19.201-78. Unified system of program documentation. Technical task. Requirements for the content and design (the content of the TK is briefly stated);

GOST 34.602-89. Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems. Terms of reference for the creation of an automated system (the composition and content of the TK are described in sufficient detail);

GOST 25123-82. Computing machines and data processing systems. Technical task. The order of construction, presentation and design (the order of construction of the TK is given). Summarizing the requirements of these standards, the order of construction, presentation and execution of TK can be reduced to the sequence shown in the table below.

Section

List of issues under consideration

Name and scope (use)

Product name and designation.

Brief description of the technical field in which the product is supposed to be used.

The ability to use the developed products for export

Basis for development

Full name of the document on the basis of which the products are developed (agreement, contract, etc.). The organization that approved this document and the date of its approval. The name and symbol of the development theme

Purpose and purpose of development

Operational and functional purpose and product prospects

Development sources

List of research and experimental work. List of experimental samples or layouts

Technical (tactical and technical)

demands

The composition of the product and the requirements for its device. Indicators of appointment.

Reliability requirements.

Manufacturability requirements.

Requirements for the level of unification and standardization. Safety requirements.

Aesthetic and ergonomic requirements.

Requirements for patent purity.

Requirements for the constituent parts of products, raw materials, initial and operational materials. Operating conditions (use).

Requirements for labeling and packaging.

Requirements for transportation and storage.

Special requirements.

Additional requirements (for example, requirements for equipping products with devices for training personnel (simulators, other devices of a similar purpose) and documentation for them, requirements for service equipment, stands for testing the product and its elements.

Economic indicators

Estimated economic efficiency and payback period.

Limit price.

Estimated annual demand for products.

The economic advantages of the developed products

compared with analogues

Stages and stages of development

Development stages, stages of work and terms of their implementation (the terms indicated in the terms of reference are approximate, the main terms are indicated in the work plan or in the contract); manufacturer of the product being developed; a list of documents to be submitted for examination, as well as the stages at which it is carried out, and the location

Control and acceptance procedure

The list of design documents to be agreed and approved, and the list of organizations with which the documents should be coordinated. General requirements for the acceptance of works at the development stages; number of production prototypes

Appendix to the terms of reference

The list of research and other works justifying the need for development. Drawings, diagrams, descriptions, justifications, calculations and other documents that should be used in the development.

List of interested organizations with which specific technical solutions are coordinated in the product development process. List of new technological equipment required for the release of new products

Adapting the level of network security according to the type of network

The Panda Internet Security 2012 firewall can adapt your protection depending on the type of network to which your PC is connected.

The increasing number of laptops, as well as the large number of options designed for use in different network environments, suggest that firewall protection must be able to adapt to different types of networks.

For example, a wireless internet connection at an airport requires a much higher level of security than a home network connection.

The default firewall applies a security level adapted to each type of network: firewall definition computer

Reliable network : A reliable network is a local area network (for example, a home network) where you can safely use shared folders or printers with other networked computers. When your PC connects to a local network, the firewall applies a security layer that allows you to share resources with other computers.

Public network : Public networks are networks that your PC can connect to in public places such as airports, universities, Internet cafes, etc. In such cases, the firewall applies a stricter security level to prevent other computers from accessing your PC.

Auto mode

By default, when the firewall detects that your PC is connected to a network, it will apply the appropriate security level for the type of network (reliable or public). As long as this mode is enabled, you will not have to make any decisions regarding the security of the networks to which your PC connects.

Manual mode

If you want to make your own decisions regarding the security level of the networks to which your PC connects, you can disable Automatic Network Mode . To do this, follow these steps:

Click Check in the main window.

Click Preferences under Security Protection .

Click Firewall .

Uncheck the Enable automatic mode box in the Networks section .

Click OK . In the future, every time your PC connects to a new network, you will see a pop-up warning, through which you can select the security level you need.

How much time will I need to prepare for CompTIA A+?

The amount of time you’ll need to prepare for CompTIA A+ depends on your background and IT experience. Whether you attend a bootcamp, take a class or study on your own, if you have no experience, you’ll want to allot at least 120 hours of study time plus additional time for hands-on practice of the skills covered by the exams. You can do this on the job, on your own or with a tool like CompTIA CertMaster Labs.

If you already have IT experience, you may not need as much time to prepare as someone who is new to IT. Download the exam objectives to see what you already know and what you might need to work on, and read more about how to prepare for an IT certification exam comptia a+ certification salary.

Tell me about the CompTIA A+ bundles – what will be in them, how much will they cost and when will they be available?

CompTIA A+ bundle options include a combination of training materials, vouchers and retake vouchers, depending on which bundle you select. Prices start at $349 USD.

Can I still take the CompTIA A+ 900 series?

No, the CompTIA A+ 900 series retired on July 31, 2019.

I already passed CompTIA A+ (220-901), but I haven’t taken 220-902 yet. What should I do?

To earn your CompTIA A+ certification, you need to take both exams from the same series. So, even if you have passed one of the 900 series exams but not both, you will need to now take and pass both exams from the new Core Series to earn your CompTIA A+ certification.

I’ve been studying for the CompTIA A+ 900 series – should I switch gears and study for the Core Series instead?

The CompTIA A+ 900 series is no longer available, so you’ll want to download the exam objectives for the Core Series and pivot your studies.

I bought a voucher for the CompTIA A+ 900 series but have not used it yet – can I use it for the Core Series?

Yes, you can use your voucher for any CompTIA A+ exam. Just remember, if you already passed just one of the exams from the 900 series but not both, you will need to retake both exams from the Core Series in order to earn your CompTIA A+.

I earned CompTIA A+ by passing the 900 series exams – is it now out of date?

Have no fear – your certification is not already out of date! As long as you keep up with your continuing education (CE) requirements, your certification will remain active for three years from the date you passed your second CompTIA A+ exam.

One way to renew your CompTIA certification is with CompTIA CertMaster CE. CompTIA CertMaster CE will cover the topics that were added with the Core Series, so if you use CertMaster CE to renew your CompTIA A+, you'll efficiently keep your knowledge up to date.

What alternative career paths are there?

Which skills are important?

To be successful, IT managers need both technical and soft skills. For CIO stechnical know-how is of less importance, leadership qualities are more important. You need to know and understand the company, the market, and customer needs.

Salary and career alternatives comptia a+ salary

Which certificates boost an IT career?

Certificates are often popular with recruiters. They show that the applicant has invested time and money in his or her career , but should definitely match the career path . In a current ranking by US market researcher Foote Partners, the following certificates are in the top ranks: Cisco (Cisco Certified Design Professional, Cisco CertifiedNetworkProfessional), CompTIA (CompTIA Security +), HP (HPQ, HP Accredited Systems Engineer), IBM (IBM, IBM Certified Administrator), Microsoft (MSFT, Microsoft Certified Professional), RedHat (RedHat Certified Technician) and VMware (VMW, VMware certified professional).

Everything about HP on CIO.de.

Everything about IBM on CIO.de

Everything about careers on CIO.de

Everything about Microsoft on CIO.de.

Everything about security on CIO.de

What do you earn?

A leader ITearns an average of 131,000 euros. The IT managers on the second level below the management earn an average of 94,000 euros, according to the result of a Kienbaum study of executive employees.

What alternative career paths are there?

Many IT experts become consultants when they want to change or when they have lost their jobs. There they can use the skills they have learned to solve their customers' problems. Anyone with good communication skills could, for example, apply to a market researcher such as Gartner or Forrester .

On the subject

Hourly rates rise from ten years of professional experience: IT freelancers are losing their offspring

Don't let the experts hang out: Application guide for the IT career

IT Skills Study 2010: The most important skills for an IT career

Company Policy for Social Media: The 6 CIO Tasks in Web 2.0

CIO training: MBA for young IT professionals

12 Content of this article

8 tips for young IT professionals

IT Support Technician II (Saint Petersburg)

Vacancy description

SUMMARY: The IT Support Technician is responsible for administration of software and hardware related to the business. Responsibilities include but not limited to; providing IT support to end-users across the globe by monitoring service desk queues. The IT Support Technician will predominantly use the firms’ IT Service Desk tool to prioritize their workload ensuring that tickets are dealt with efficiently and effectively. 

The IT Support Technician should have strong customer support skills, excellent communication skills, be proactive and pragmatic in their approach and is able to work in accordance with the firms’ processes and procedures it certification jobs.

Has knowledge of commonly-used concepts, practices, and procedures (ITIL).

This position requires good telephone skills and excellent customer service orientation. Proprietary software training will be provided, however, a solid understanding of standard software functionality in a Windows environment is required. All necessary Clinical Training will be provided.

RESPONSIBILITIES:

Tasks may include but are not limited to:

IT

Proactively resolve issues raised by people using WCT’s hardware and software, doing so efficiently and effectively. Use methods such as email, remote sessions, telephone and IM.

To act as a point of contact for users to raise issues.

Using call logging tool to maintain accurate records of users’ logged calls, providing clear updates to users accurately and clearly.

Take ownership of support tickets including documentation and closure of tickets within SLA timeframes.

Works under general supervision. Uses discretion in identifying and resolving complex problems and assignments. Acts as a point of escalation for IT areas in the business and determines when issues should be escalated to a superior.

Liaise with application stakeholders when change requests, escalated issues and potential problems are identified. Assist in the management of low-level changes to systems, ensuring the smoothness of their roll-out.

To be able to work in cohesion and interact with WCT IT teams across the firm; including software development team members and third-party vendors for the support and development of WCT applications.

Must be able to follow documented processes and procedures. For systems that must be maintained in a “validated state”, follow respective SOPs and use best practices in the industry such as GAMP5.

Keep informed about new developments and best practices related to business systems supported.

Hardware & Software

Maintain an accurate register of hardware and software assets both in stock and in use by WCT employees

Ensure that all equipment is correctly identified and tagged

Stay up-to-date with hardware and software changes that could impact the systems and their operation by WCT employees

Ensure that there is always an available stock of equipment and accessories for users that can be deployed quickly for new employees or as a replacement for faulty equipment

Understand how group policies and other configuration measures will improve the security, performance, and reliability of equipment used by WCT employees

Provide support to end-user devices such as; desktops, laptops, mobile devices, printers, etc.

Documentation & Training

Write, review and keep up-to-date documents and guides to be used by both IT technicians and end-users.

Transfer of relevant knowledge to team members.